一被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的含義
英語(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)很多，但語(yǔ)態(tài)不多，只有兩種，即：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。所謂“被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)”，相當(dāng)于中文中常說(shuō)的“被……”、“由……”的句式，如：“他的自行車被偷了。”，“這座樓房是由他們建造的。”
二被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)
那么，英語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是怎么樣構(gòu)成的呢?請(qǐng)看下面的例句(注意劃線部分)：
His bicycle was stolen.
The building has been built in 2000.
通過(guò)上面的例句，可以看出，“被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)”的構(gòu)成是：
be + 過(guò)去分詞 + (by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者)
三被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的運(yùn)用
什么情況下要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)呢?一般地說(shuō)，有下面幾種情況：
(1) 不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或沒(méi)有必要。例如：
Paper is made from wood. (紙是由木材生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的。)
The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. (這座房子太舊了。它是1950年建成的。)
He was wounded in the fight. (他在戰(zhàn)斗在受傷了。)
Electricity is used to run machines. (電是用來(lái)開(kāi)動(dòng)機(jī)器的。)
(2) 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí)。例如：
Calculator can t be used in the maths exam.
(計(jì)算器不能用于數(shù)學(xué)考試。)
Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away. (閱覽室的書(shū)籍和報(bào)紙不準(zhǔn)帶走。)
He was awarded first prize in that contest.
(他在比賽中獲得了第一。)
(3)為了使語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提到是誰(shuí)做的這件事。例如：
The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month. (新實(shí)驗(yàn)室必須在下個(gè)月底前完工。)
四各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)舉例
一般地講，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可用于英語(yǔ)的各種時(shí)態(tài)。為了能準(zhǔn)確地運(yùn)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，重點(diǎn)是要掌握be動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化。各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)舉例如下：
1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài). am / is / are + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
Our classroom is cleaned every day.
This car is made in China.
2、一般過(guò)去式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): was / were + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
His desk was cleaned just now.
The station was built in 1928.
3、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): am / is / are + being + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
A new factory is being built in our city now.
Some trees are being cut down in the park.
4、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): was / were + being + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
A new factory was being built in our city at that time.
Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.
5、一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):
(A) will / shall + be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
(B) am / is / are + going to be +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞.
Some new factories will be built in our city this year.
Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.
6、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): (1).would / should + be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 (2).was / were +going to be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞.
She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city.
He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.
7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):have / has + been + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
Some new factories have been built in the city since last year.
Your watch has been mended already.
8、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):had + been + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
He said that some new factories had been built in the city.
I didn’t know that my watch had been mended .
9、含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式：can/may/must + be + done
例如：He can not be found. / I must be paid for this.
如何將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
1、從句子意義上說(shuō)，就是重新找出“什么事物”是“被完成”的。
例1.
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：人們說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。People speak English in many countries.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：英語(yǔ)被說(shuō)�！nglish is spoken in many countries..
例2.
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：我們?cè)爝@座橋。We built this bridge last year.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：這座橋被建造。This bridge was built last year.
2、從語(yǔ)法的角度說(shuō)，把原句的賓語(yǔ)改成主語(yǔ)。
例1.
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：小王邀請(qǐng)你(賓語(yǔ)) Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：你(賓語(yǔ))被邀請(qǐng)。You has been invited to a lunch party by Xiao Wang.
例2.
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：你不準(zhǔn)帶走雜志(賓語(yǔ)) You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：雜志(賓語(yǔ))不準(zhǔn)被帶走.These magazines must not be taken out of the reading room.
例3.
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：他們授給他(賓語(yǔ))一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)?賓語(yǔ)).They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：他(賓語(yǔ))被授予一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)? He was given a medal for his wonderful work.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)?賓語(yǔ))被授給了他.A medal was given to him for his wonderful work.
六被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)
A.熟記結(jié)構(gòu)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(p.p)”。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的不同時(shí)態(tài)是通過(guò)be的時(shí)態(tài)變化來(lái)表示的，其人稱和數(shù)方面應(yīng)與主語(yǔ)保持一致。其具體變化為：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are+p.p.
一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was/were+p.p.
一般將來(lái)時(shí)：shall /will be +p.p.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have /has been +p.p.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are+being+p.p.
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：should /would be +p.p.
含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+p.p.例如：
① Chinese ______ by the largest number of people.
A.speak
B.is speaking
C.speaks
D.is spoken
(② The boy ______ to get supper ready after school.
A.were told
B.is telling
C.was told
D.tells
③ A lot of new roads ______ built in the west of China.
A.must
B.must be
C.has
D.have
B.明確用法
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用于以下兩種情況：
1.不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒(méi)有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;
2.強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。例如：
這棵樹(shù)是那個(gè)男孩弄斷的。
The tree ______ ______ by that boy.
C.熟練轉(zhuǎn)換
1.將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本方法為：
①將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ);
②謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)?ldquo;be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”，并通過(guò)be的變化來(lái)表達(dá)出不同的時(shí)態(tài);
③主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語(yǔ)，組成介詞短語(yǔ)放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。(有時(shí)by短語(yǔ)可以省略)。
2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句是將一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)之前;否定句是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后加not;特殊疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋阂蓡?wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句。例如：
① You must throw the broken pottery away at once.
The broken pottery ______ ______ ______ ______ at once.(同義句)
(② Where did they grow vegetables?(改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Where ______ vegetables ______ ?
D.注意特例
將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意幾個(gè)特殊情況：
1.含雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，有兩種方法：
①將間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)保持不變;
②將直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)用介詞to或for引導(dǎo)。例如：
① He told us a story.(變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
→We were told a story(by him).或：A story was told to us by him.
② Her mother gave her a new pen.(變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
A new pen ______ ______ ______ her by her mother.
2.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要將短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視為一個(gè)整體，其后的介詞或副詞不能省去。例如：
① This dictionary mustn t ______ from the library.
A.take away
B.taken away
C.are taken away
D.be taken away
② She will take good care of the children.(變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
The children will ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ (by her).
(3.含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，通常將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。注意：省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to必須補(bǔ)上。例如：
Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.(變被動(dòng)
He ______ ______ ______ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.
(4.不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為“to be +過(guò)去分詞”。例如：
The radio says a wild animal zoo is to ______ in our city.
A.be building
B.build
C.be built
D.built
5.以疑問(wèn)代詞開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)句時(shí)要注意詞序：應(yīng)將主動(dòng)句中的疑問(wèn)代詞改為介詞by的賓語(yǔ)，但仍然放在句子開(kāi)頭。例如：
Who has broken the cup?(改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
→By whom has the cup been broken?
E.注意區(qū)別
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
1)含義不同：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，重點(diǎn)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作由誰(shuí)完成、怎樣完成;而過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)描寫(xiě)情景，敘述人或事物的特征及所處的狀態(tài)。試比較：
The window is broken.窗子破了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The window is broken by him.窗子被他打破了。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
2)用法不同：過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)可以被 so，very，too等程度副詞修飾，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則不能用so，very，too修飾，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修飾。試比較：
He was very interested in science.他對(duì)科學(xué)有極大興趣。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn t know what to do.我被那種場(chǎng)面搞得大吃一驚，不知所措。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
F.牢記(相關(guān))句型
初中教材中與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)相關(guān)的句型有：
1.be covered with被……覆蓋
2.be made of由……制作(發(fā)生物理變化)
be made from由……制作(發(fā)生化學(xué)變化)
be made in由(某地)制造
be made by被(某人)制造
3.be used for被用來(lái)……
be used as被當(dāng)作(作為)……來(lái)使用
be used to do sth.被用來(lái)做某事
4.It is said that...據(jù)說(shuō)……
It is hoped that...希望……
It is well known that...眾所周知……例如：
①—Your coat looks nice.Is it ______ cotton?
—Yes.It s ———— Shanghai.
A.made of;made by
B.made of;made in
C.made for;made by
D.made for;made in
② This machine is used ______ the room wet.
A.for keeping
B.as keeping
C.keep
D.to keeping
③ 據(jù)說(shuō)在南京長(zhǎng)江上又在建一座橋。
______ ______ ______ that ______ ______ is being ______ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing.
七幾種特殊的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
1.帶不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
The child is sure to be punished for that. 那個(gè)孩子肯定會(huì)因?yàn)槟羌率芰P的。
2. 帶介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
Such a thing has never been heard of. 這件事前所未聞。
3. 帶副詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
The radio has just been turned off. 收音機(jī)剛剛被關(guān)上。
4. 當(dāng)sell, wash, clean, run, ride, wear, write等動(dòng)詞若有狀語(yǔ)well, easily, badly來(lái)修飾時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。
The pen writes well. 這枝鋼筆寫(xiě)字流暢。
The book sells well. 這本書(shū)很暢銷。
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