2024年初中英語語法歸納：過去完成時(shí)

一、過去完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)

概念：過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過去的過去( past-in-the-past )”。

過去完成時(shí) 過去時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

構(gòu)成：過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞 had + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。

They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning.

二、過去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù)

1. 由時(shí)間狀語來判定

一般說來，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有：

( 1 ) by + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

( 2 ) by the end of + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

( 3 ) before + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。 過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：

( 1 )賓語從句中，當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。

如： She said that she had seen the film before.

( 2 )狀語從句中，在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。

如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意： before, after ，as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如：

Where did you study before you came here?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

(3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

三、過去完成時(shí)的主要用法

1. 過去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。如：

When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒來時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”)

2. 過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是“過去的過去”，只有和過去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。如：

He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 )

3. 過去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。

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