現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1、表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。(動(dòng)詞必須是持續(xù)動(dòng)詞)
Chinahas changed a great deal in the past 20 years.
2、強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果。(可以使用非持續(xù)動(dòng)詞)
Where have you put the dictionary? I can't find it anywhere.
3、表示反復(fù)性或習(xí)慣性。常常與often, frequently及表示次數(shù)之類的詞連用。
I have watched him appear on TV several times.
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1、表示過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并在持續(xù)期間內(nèi)不斷進(jìn)行著。
I have been working for five years.
It has been raining since last Friday.
2、表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。
Jim has been ringing John every night for the last week.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別
1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作業(yè)已完成，而用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)談?wù)撐赐瓿傻膭?dòng)作。
I have painted this room.(I’ve finished painting it.)
I have been painting this room.(I haven’t finished painting it.)
2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)關(guān)注動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，尤其是談到數(shù)字或數(shù)量時(shí);而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)關(guān)注動(dòng)作本身，特別是解釋動(dòng)作可見(jiàn)的結(jié)果時(shí)。
He’s run three miles. (the result: He’s covered the distance of three miles.)
He’s been running for an hour. (the activity and its consequences: this is what he’s been doing for the last hour and why he is exhausted now.)
3、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作時(shí)，不能同表示具體數(shù)字的詞并用。
I’ve posted a dozen postcards, but received none.
I’ve read this book several times.
I’ve been posting postcards since early December.
4、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)帶有較為強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩。
You have been disturbing me.
5、許多狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能用完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
I’ve known that for a long time.
The strike has lasted six months.
6、有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞用兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以，但若強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度時(shí)用完成進(jìn)行時(shí)較好。
They have been working this term.
Theyhave worked very well this term.
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
一、 概念：
表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去，其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞。
1.肯定句：主語(yǔ)+had+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞+其他.
2.否定句：主語(yǔ)+had+not+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞+其他.
3.疑問(wèn)句：Had+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞+其他?
肯定回答：Yes,主語(yǔ)+had.
否定回答：No,主語(yǔ)+hadn't.
4.特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞或詞組+had+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他?
5.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：主語(yǔ)+had(not) +been+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞+其他.
二、 用法：
1. 表示某一動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前已完成。例如:
He had gone to bed by 10:00 last night. (昨夜十點(diǎn)鐘之前他已上床去睡了。)
2. 與一般過(guò)去時(shí)搭配，表達(dá)某一動(dòng)作在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)已完成。例如：
The train had started when I got to the station. (當(dāng)我到達(dá)車站時(shí)火車已開(kāi)走了。)
The minute I saw a lady getting off the bus, I knew it was she, for I had seen her before. (我一看到正在下公共汽車的那位女士就知道是她，因?yàn)槲乙郧翱匆?jiàn)過(guò)她。)
解說(shuō)：使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)在簡(jiǎn)單句里表達(dá)某一動(dòng)作在過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻已完成時(shí)，該過(guò)去的時(shí)刻常以“by +過(guò)去時(shí)間”的短語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)。
例如下面的說(shuō)法是不正確的：
He had gone to bed at 10:00 last night.
若是要說(shuō)“at 10:00 last night”就必須用一般過(guò)去時(shí)“He went to bed...”。請(qǐng)?jiān)儆^察下面的句子試比較：
It had rained yesterday. (誤)
It rained yesterday.(正)
或許你會(huì)說(shuō)：“昨天下了雨，可是今天已放晴了，下雨已是過(guò)去的事，而且已經(jīng)下完了，所以就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)……。”這就是最令同學(xué)們對(duì)一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)感到混淆和困惑的。
實(shí)際上只要我們了解下面的兩點(diǎn)原則就可以消除這種現(xiàn)象。
1. 由過(guò)去的時(shí)間作狀語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞的句子都使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
2. 除非從談話的先后關(guān)系和上下文關(guān)系對(duì)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作完成的基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)可以確定以外，應(yīng)該避免在簡(jiǎn)單句中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
將來(lái)完成時(shí)
1、表示到將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間為止勢(shì)必會(huì)完成或預(yù)計(jì)要完成的動(dòng)作。
如：When we get there, she’ll have gone to work. 我們到那里時(shí)她會(huì)已上班去了。
I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow. 我預(yù)料到明天你就會(huì)改變主意了。
例句：
我已經(jīng)在這住了5年了。I have lived here for 5 years.
截止到去年我已經(jīng)住在這4年了。I have lived here for 4 years by last year.
到明年的時(shí)候我就住這6年了。I will have lived here for 6 years by next year.
2、表示某種狀況將一直持續(xù)到說(shuō)話人所提及的某一將來(lái)時(shí)間。
如：We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日我們倆結(jié)婚就滿1年了。
By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. 到下星期此刻，我就已經(jīng)為該公司干了24年了。
By next Monday,she will have studied here for three years.到下周一，她在這里學(xué)習(xí)就要滿3年了。
The concert will begin at half past eight.They will have played half an hour when you arrive.音樂(lè)會(huì)將在8點(diǎn)半開(kāi)始。你到達(dá)時(shí)，他們將已經(jīng)演奏半小時(shí)了。
3、表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)可能已經(jīng)完成動(dòng)作的推測(cè)，對(duì)過(guò)去實(shí)況的推測(cè)。
He will have arrived by now.他這是可能已經(jīng)到了。
He is a somebody now.He will have forgotten his old friends.他現(xiàn)在是個(gè)要人了，可能把老朋友都忘了。
You'll have heard that China will launch another spaceship.中國(guó)將要發(fā)射另一艘宇宙飛船，你可能已經(jīng)聽(tīng)說(shuō)了。
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