賓語(yǔ)從句講與練
(一)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
在以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，從屬連詞that只起引導(dǎo)作用，在從句中不作任何成分，也沒有實(shí)際意義，在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常常省略。這種賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序和正常的陳述句語(yǔ)序一樣，符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣。
a. 有很多及物動(dòng)詞如say, think, know, hope, see,hear, remember, mean等后可跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：
* Ithink (that) I’ve lost the key.
* Wehope (that) it’s fine tomorrow so that we can go hiking.
*Many foreigners say (that) the Chinese people are very friendly.
b. be +形容詞+that從句
在主句中為動(dòng)詞be加某些形容詞如sorry, afraid, glad, sure等作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面可跟that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。如：
* I’mafraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
* Areyou sure you’ve lost the way?
注意：一些表示人的感情的形容詞如happy, glad, pleased, surprised, excited, sorry, afraid等后面可接不定式也可以接that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，表示產(chǎn)生這種感情的原因。如果主句與從句的主語(yǔ)一致，可以直接接不定式，如果不一致，則只可用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
如：
* Weare surprised to see you here. = We are surprised that we see you here.
* Theteacher is pleased that her students have made great progress in English.
C. 學(xué)習(xí)賓語(yǔ)從句的用法應(yīng)注意的問題
a. 當(dāng)主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可根據(jù)實(shí)際需要選用不同的時(shí)態(tài)。如：
* Doyou know (that) they are waiting for you at the bus stop?
* Ihear he has been back for two days.
b. 當(dāng)主句為一般過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句也要用過去的時(shí)態(tài)。如：
* Ididn’t know that they were waiting for me at the bus stop.
* Wewere surprised that he had already finished his paper.
c. 當(dāng)think引導(dǎo)否定形式的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，習(xí)慣上應(yīng)該將否定詞not移到主句中去否定動(dòng)詞think，而think后面的賓語(yǔ)從句保持肯定式。如：
* (誤) I think you are not right.
(正) Idon’t think you are right.
* Idon’t think they can come in such bad weather.
Practice 1: 將下列漢語(yǔ)譯成英語(yǔ)
1.他考試及格了，我很高興。
2.我想她一小時(shí)后回來。
3.我知道那是真的。
4.那意味著小汽車不能進(jìn)去嗎?
5.我告訴了他你昨天去了上海。
6. 那時(shí)英語(yǔ)老師認(rèn)為我學(xué)習(xí)不夠刻苦。
7. 昨天李華告訴我他訂好了兩張機(jī)票。
8. 我對(duì)他剛才說的話非常感興趣。
參考答案：
1.他考試及格了，我很高興。
I’m very glad that he has passed the exam.
2.我想她一小時(shí)后回來。
I think she’ll be/come back in an hour.
3.我知道那是真的。
I know that it’s true.
4.那意味著小汽車不能進(jìn)去嗎?
Does it mean that cars can’t go in?
5.我告訴了他你昨天去了上海。
I told him that you went to Shanghai yesterday.
6.那時(shí)英語(yǔ)老師認(rèn)為我學(xué)習(xí)不夠刻苦。
At that time, my English teacher didn’t think I was workinghard enough.
7.昨天李華告訴我他訂好了兩張機(jī)票。
Yesterday Li Hua told me that he had booked 2 air tickets.
8.我對(duì)他剛才說的話非常剛興趣。
I amvery interested in what he just said.
(二)：由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
所謂連接代詞和連接副詞就是疑問代詞和疑問副詞，如：who,whose, when, what, which, whom, where, why, how以及由how構(gòu)成的詞組，它們?cè)跇?gòu)成疑問句時(shí)叫疑問詞。在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)被稱作連接代詞或連接副詞。連接代詞或連接副詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中有含義，擔(dān)任相關(guān)句子成分，不能省略。
A. 連接代詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
連接代詞有：who,whom, whose, which和what。這些詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)等，具有一定的意義。如：
* Idon’t know who will give us a talk this time.
(who在賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ))
* Canyou tell me whom you are waiting for?
(whom在賓語(yǔ)從句中作介詞for的賓語(yǔ))
* Sheasked whose jacket it was.
(whose在賓語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)修飾jacket)
*Please tell me what you’ve done.
(what在賓語(yǔ)從句中作動(dòng)詞done的賓語(yǔ))
* Idon’t know whose that watch is.
(whose在賓語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ))
B. 連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
連接副詞有：when,where, why和how。在賓語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因或方式等。如：
* Doyou know when they’ll be back?
(when在賓語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示be back的時(shí)間)
* Iwant to know where she lives.
(where在賓語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示live的地點(diǎn))
* MrZhang asked him why he was late for school again.
(why在賓語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示be late的原因)
*Please tell me how you did it.
(how在賓語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示do的方式)
此外，包含how的詞組也可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，這種詞組在賓語(yǔ)從句中也擔(dān)任一定的句子成分，充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。如：
* Heasked how far it was to the post office.
(how far短語(yǔ)在賓語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ))
* Canyou tell me how old she is?
(how old短語(yǔ)在賓語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ))
* Iwant to know how much all these things are.
(how much短語(yǔ)在賓語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ))
*Nobody can tell how many people went to the park today.
(how many短語(yǔ)在賓語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ))
C. 用于連接由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：
see,say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, remember, forget, find out, show, choose等。
D. 由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序及時(shí)態(tài)
由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句本身為疑問語(yǔ)序轉(zhuǎn)變成賓語(yǔ)從句，要把語(yǔ)序調(diào)整為陳述語(yǔ)序。即：
主句+連接代詞/連接副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+其它成分
這類賓語(yǔ)從句與主句之間的時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系：
a. 如果主句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)自身時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)選擇事態(tài)
b. 如果主句用過去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)。
如：
* Doyou know what day it is today?
* Canyou tell me when the train will leave?
* Iwant to know where the bus stop is.
*Could you tell how old your child is?
注意: 當(dāng)連接代詞在賓語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí), 從句的語(yǔ)序不變。如：
* Idon’t know who took my dictionary.
* Iwonder what’s wrong with you.
*Could you tell me which is the way to the cinema?
E. 學(xué)習(xí)由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)該注意的問題
當(dāng)what, which, who(whom)等疑問代詞作賓語(yǔ)從句里介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的介詞不可隨意省略掉。如：
* 我不知道他們?cè)谡沂裁础?/p>
(誤) I don’t know what they are looking.
(正) I don’t know what they are looking for.
* 你能告訴我你們?cè)谡務(wù)撜l嗎?
(誤) Can you tell me whom (who) you are talking?
(正) Can you tell me whom (who) you are talking about?
* 你知道她住在哪個(gè)房間嗎?
(誤) Do you know which room she lives?
(正) Do you know which room she lives in?
* 你知道他在聽什么音樂嗎?
(誤) Do you know what kind of music he is listening?
(正) Do you know what kind of music he is listening to?
Practice 2: 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞填空
1.Itworried her a bit __________ her hair was turning gray.
2.These photographs will show you __________ our village looks like.
3.The teacher explains __________ this means.
4.“Please explain __________ you’re so late,” his boss said.
5.We’ll have our picnic in the Summer Palace. You know __________ it is, don’tyou?
6. Even the small children knew __________ FatherChristmas got into their houses.
7. Shirley likes __________ Linda likes.
8. I don’t know __________ I should put it, on the floor or on thetable.
9. Her mother doesn't know __________ the train arrived.
10.Iappreciate it ______ you bring some water and food to us.
I appreciate it ______ he brought us so muchwater and food.
答案：
1.that 2.what 3.what 4.why 5.where 6.how 7.what 8.where 9.when 10.if; that
if和whether引導(dǎo)的從句
A. if和whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句
if和whether是從屬連詞，表示“是否”的意思，可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，在一般情況下可以互換。if多用于口語(yǔ)和非正式問題中，whether多用于比較正式的問題中。一般疑問句作賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)往往要用if或whether來引導(dǎo)，同時(shí)疑問語(yǔ)序要調(diào)整為陳述語(yǔ)序，時(shí)態(tài)也要根據(jù)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。如：
* Idoubt whether / if he will succeed.
*Nobody knew whether / if we were going away right now.
*Let’s see if / whether we can find out some information
about that city.
B. 只能用whether引導(dǎo)從句的情況
下列幾種情況只能用whether不可用if引導(dǎo)。
a. 在帶to的不定式前。如：
* Wehaven’t decided whether to walk there or not.
*They don’t know whether to take part in the meeting or not.
b. 在介詞的后面。如：
* I’mthinking of whether we should go to see the film.
* I’mnot angry about whether he will pass the exam or not.
c. 直接與or not連用時(shí)。如：
* Ican’t say whether or not they can come on time.
* I’mnot sure whether or not his answer is correct.
d. 在動(dòng)詞discuss后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中。如：
* Wediscussed whether we had a sports meeting next week.
e. 賓語(yǔ)從句提前時(shí)只能用whether。如：
*Whether the news is true or not, I don’t care.
f. 在句首引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。如：
*Whether he’ll come to see us is not important.
* Theproblem is whether he can get them to the top of the hill.
C. 只能用if引導(dǎo)從句的情況
a. if不僅可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句還可以引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)只能用if而不能用whether。如：
* Thestudents will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow.
b. 引導(dǎo)否定概念的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)一般用if而不用whether。如：
* Heasked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
c. 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句even if (即使)和as if (好象)中的if不能用whether來替代。如：
*I’ll send for you even if you don’t come.
* Hetalks as if he has known all about it.
D. 賓語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)態(tài)不受主句時(shí)態(tài)影響的幾種情況：
1.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表示的是科學(xué)真理、客觀事實(shí)、格言或其他不受時(shí)間限制、影響、客觀存在的事物時(shí)。如：
*Long long ago, people didn’t know that the earth moves
round the sun.
* Theteacher told her students that practice makes perfect.
2.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句用來解釋、表達(dá)科技內(nèi)容時(shí)。如：
* Ourteacher told us that the attraction of the earth for all bodies is calledgravity.
3.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或目前習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作時(shí)。如：
* Hesaid he takes a walk after supper every day.
4.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)仍在繼續(xù)，表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻仍存在的狀態(tài)時(shí)。如：
* Shetold me the other day that she is only eighteen.
* Hesaid that his father is attending a meeting in Beijing.
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