來(lái)源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 2023-08-16 14:44:43
一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的概念和用法
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或結(jié)果。
其構(gòu)造是: have/has+done(其中,have/has在這里不是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,而是助動(dòng)詞,沒(méi)有特定的含義;done是指動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞)
例句:
我已經(jīng)吃過(guò)午飯了。(吃午飯這個(gè)動(dòng)作是發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響:不餓、還飽、吃不下)
I have had my lunch.
我開(kāi)不了門,因?yàn)槲业蔫匙丟了。(鑰匙丟了這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響:開(kāi)不了門)
I cannot open the door because I have lost my key.
她已經(jīng)去過(guò)法國(guó)三次。(去法國(guó)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響:認(rèn)識(shí)法國(guó),了解法國(guó) )
She has been to France three times.
Jack已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)我五年了。(認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)
Jack has known me for five years.
第三人稱單數(shù)用has,其他都用have。
否定句:在have/has后面加not(have not=haven't;has not=hasn't) 。
如:
I haven't eaten anything today. I am so hungry.
我今天什么東西都沒(méi)吃。我好餓啊。
一般疑問(wèn)句:把have/has提前到句首。其一般疑問(wèn)句的回答: Yes, XX have/has;No, XX haven't/hasn't.
如:
-Have you been to France before? -No, I haven't.
-你以前去過(guò)法國(guó)嗎? -不,我沒(méi)去過(guò)。
-Has she arrived home? -Yes, she has.
-她回家了嗎? -是的,她回了。
特殊疑問(wèn)句:在一般疑問(wèn)句句型前加上特殊疑問(wèn)詞。
如:
How many times have you been to France?
你去過(guò)法國(guó)幾次?
再如:
How long have you been in China?
你在中國(guó)多久了?
二、動(dòng)詞如何變成過(guò)去分詞
1. 規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變過(guò)去分詞的規(guī)則
(規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變過(guò)去分詞和變過(guò)去式的規(guī)則是一樣的,也就是說(shuō)其過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞是一樣的)
一般情況下詞尾直接加ed,如work→worked
以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾,加e,如live→lived
以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的改y為i,再加ed,如study→studied
以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動(dòng)詞,雙寫(xiě)此輔音字母,再加ed,如stop→stopped
2. 常見(jiàn)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的原形、過(guò)去式及過(guò)去分詞如下
is/am→was→been |
buy→bought→bought |
are→were→been |
bring→brought→brought |
do→did→done |
sleep→slept→slept |
go→went→gone |
leave→left→left |
get→got→gotten |
come→came→come |
take→took→taken |
become→became→become |
see→saw→seen |
run→ran→run |
eat→ate→eaten |
read→read→read |
drink→drank→drunk |
put→put→put |
sit→sat→sat或sitten |
shut→shut→shut |
make→made→made |
throw→threw→thrown |
hear→heard→heard |
hold→held→held |
say→said→said |
speak→spoke→spoken |
sell→sold→sold |
feel→felt→felt |
tell→told→told |
swim→swam→swum |
have→had→had |
write→wrote→written |
三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng)
不能
單獨(dú)與明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如yesterday morning、in 2009 、last weekend或two days ago等。明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用。
經(jīng)常
與表示不確定、模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如already、just、before、lately、so far、yet等。
注意:
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。這種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(由since或for引導(dǎo))。這種用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞。
I have lived in Hangzhou for ten years.
我在杭州已經(jīng)住了十年。
She has been absent from school since Monday.
她從周一開(kāi)始就沒(méi)去學(xué)校了。
經(jīng)常與表示重復(fù)次數(shù)的詞語(yǔ)連用,如once、twice、three times等。
have been to/have gone to的區(qū)別
have been to sp. 曾去過(guò)某地(已返回)
have gone to sp. 去了某地(未返回)
例句:
James has been to many countries.
James去過(guò)許多國(guó)家。(人在中國(guó))
James has gone to France.
James去法國(guó)了。(人不在中國(guó))
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