來(lái)源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 2023-07-12 17:39:00
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1
定義
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響或結(jié)果,并且可能還持續(xù)發(fā)生下去。
具體來(lái)看:
1.表示到說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,卻對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響或結(jié)果。
He has lost his book.
他丟了他的書。
2.表示事情開(kāi)始于過(guò)去,卻一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行的事情。
He has taught in our school for 30 years.
他在我們學(xué)校教書已有30年了。
3.表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間直到現(xiàn)在的這個(gè)時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)不斷重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況,并且這個(gè)不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作有可能繼續(xù)下去,也有可能到現(xiàn)在就結(jié)束。
I have just finished my work.
我剛把工作做完。
4.同一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)一樣,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可以在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句里表示將來(lái)。
I\\\\\\\'ll wait until he has written his letter.
我愿等到他把信寫完。
2
構(gòu)成
主語(yǔ) + have / has + done(過(guò)去分詞) + …
3
句型
肯定句:
主語(yǔ) + have / has + done + …
She has been to Shanghai.
她去過(guò)上海。
I have finished doing my homework.
我已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)了。
否定句:
主語(yǔ) + have / has + not +done + …
She hasn\\\\\\\'t been to Shanghai.
她沒(méi)有去過(guò)上海。
I haven\\\\\\\'tfinished doing my homework.
我還沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)。
一
Have / Has + 主語(yǔ) + done + … ?
Has she been to Shanghai?
Yes, she has. / No, she hasn\\\\\\\'t.
她去過(guò)上海嗎?
是的, 去過(guò)。/ 不, 沒(méi)有。
Have youfinished doing your homework ?
Yes, I have. / No, I haven\\\\\\\'t.
你完成作業(yè)了嗎?
是的, 完成了。/ 不, 沒(méi)有。
特殊疑問(wèn)句:
特殊疑問(wèn)詞 + have / has + 主語(yǔ) + done + …?
Where has she been ?
她去了哪里?
Who has finished doing his homework ?
誰(shuí)完成了作業(yè)?
4
標(biāo)志詞
for 、since、 already、 yet、 ever、 never、 recently、just、before、 so far、 by now…
注意: for+一段時(shí)間;since+過(guò)去的某一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)
already:
用于肯定句, 可放在助動(dòng)詞之后、過(guò)去分詞之前,也可放在句末.
I have already finished my homework./
I have finished my homework already.
yet:
用在疑問(wèn)句中意為”已經(jīng)”, 用在否定句中表示”還”, 常放在句末.
Have you finished your homework yet?(你已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)了嗎?)
I haven’t finished my homework yet.(我還沒(méi)做完。)
ever:
曾經(jīng);用于疑問(wèn)句中:
Have you ever been to Shanghai ?
你去過(guò)上海嗎?
never:
未曾;從未
I have never traveled by plane before.
我以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有乘飛機(jī)旅行過(guò).
recently:
最近;用于肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)句中
I have been busy recently.
We have not seen Tom recently.
Have they been here recently.
5
用法
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在時(shí)間上與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系,因此不能與表示確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等。
2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的時(shí)間副詞連用。如:already、yet、just,、before、recently、still、lately、never等。
He has already obtained a scholarship.
他已經(jīng)獲得了一份獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。
I haven\\\\\\\'t seen much of him recently (lately).
我最近都沒(méi)怎么見(jiàn)到他。
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)經(jīng)常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,
如:often,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasion等
Have you ever been to Beijing?
你以前去過(guò)北京嗎?
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
我從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到過(guò)Bunny說(shuō)她的壞話。
4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往還可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,
如:now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等。
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
今年以來(lái)舊金山雨水太多。
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
我們兩國(guó)之間的友好合作關(guān)系在近幾年得到了提高。
5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示從過(guò)去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,該動(dòng)作可能到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結(jié)束,也可能繼續(xù)下去。
How often have you seen her?
你隔多久見(jiàn)她一次?
6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束。
He has turned the light off .
他已把燈關(guān)了。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù),因此,該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不確定的時(shí)間副詞如:already,yet,before,recently等、頻度副詞never,ever等、以及現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)連用。
Have you found your pen yet?
你找到你的鋼筆了嗎?
7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
He has lived here since 1978.
自從1978年以來(lái),他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年,一直住到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.
我已經(jīng)在部隊(duì)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于5年前,一直延續(xù)至今,有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)
此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(由since或for引導(dǎo)),或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如:up to now,so far)等。
I have heard nothing from him up to now.
到目前為止我沒(méi)有他的任何消息。
注意:(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,不可用于短暫性動(dòng)詞,即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
have/has been to, has goneto, have/has been in, have/has been on的區(qū)別
(1). have/ has been to 表示:曾經(jīng)去過(guò)某地(已經(jīng)回來(lái)了),常用于第三人稱,可與once, never, several times等連用。
(2). have/ has gone to 表示:去了某地(還沒(méi)有回來(lái))
They have been to Shanghai twice.
他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)上海兩次。(已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)
She has gone to Shanghai.
她去了上海(還沒(méi)有回來(lái))
(3). have been in表示“在某地呆了多少時(shí)間”,常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用
I have been in Shanghai for three years.
我來(lái)上海已有三年了。
He has been in London for half a month.
他在倫敦呆了有半個(gè)月了。
(4). have been on 表示“已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了多久 表示持續(xù)性”
The film has been on for ten minutes.
電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了10分鐘了。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別
共同點(diǎn):
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)都表示在過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作。
區(qū)別:
①現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系,即對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等,屬于“現(xiàn)在”范疇,談?wù)摰氖乾F(xiàn)在的情況。而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻,不強(qiáng)調(diào)和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,現(xiàn)在情況可能已發(fā)生變化。
Who opened the door?
誰(shuí)開(kāi)的門?(只強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去開(kāi)門這一動(dòng)作,門現(xiàn)在可能已關(guān)上。)
Who has opened the door?
誰(shuí)把門開(kāi)了?(強(qiáng)調(diào)門現(xiàn)在依然還開(kāi)著。)
②現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能與明確的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如:three days ago, last year, yesterday, last Sunday, in 2008等等。
如句中有以上這些明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
特別提醒:如果這些過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)前有since,表示“自過(guò)去某一時(shí)間一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
He finished reading the book the day before yesterday.
他前天讀完了這本書。
My cousin has been in Nanjing since 2009.
我表弟從2009年起就呆在南京了。
③現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不與when引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句連用,when后只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可與where, why等疑問(wèn)詞連用。
Where have you been?
你去過(guò)哪里了?
When did the train leave?
火車什么時(shí)候駛離的?
④since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句后面用一般過(guò)去時(shí),只有前面的主句才用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
We have known each other since we came to the school two years ago.
自從兩年前來(lái)學(xué)校,我們就互相認(rèn)識(shí)了。
6
練習(xí)與答案
【典型考例】
單項(xiàng)選擇題
1.(2020湖北)—How about the third season of documentaryAerial China(航拍中國(guó))?
—Great. I it twice.
A.watched
B.watch
C.will watch
D.have watched
答案:D。
解析:句意是:—紀(jì)錄片《航拍中國(guó)》第三季怎么樣?—太好了。我已經(jīng)看了兩遍了。根據(jù)句意及空格后的twice可知,這里表達(dá)的是“已經(jīng)看過(guò)兩遍了”,所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故選D。
2.(2020湖北)I\\\\\\\'m so glad that I nearly half of the test now.
A.finish
B.finished
C.willfinish
D.havefinished
答案:D。
解析:句中有表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的now,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是到目前的情況,故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。句意是:我很高興我現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成了將近一半的考試。
3.(2020江蘇)Some primary and secondary schools winter sports to their courses since Beijing won the right to host the 2022 Winter Olympic Games.
A.added
B.will add
C.have added
D.were adding
答案:C。
解析:句中有since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,且用了一般過(guò)去時(shí),故主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),句意是:自從北京獲得了2022年冬奧會(huì)舉辦權(quán),一些中小學(xué)就在課程中添加了冬季運(yùn)動(dòng)。故選C。
4.(2020山東)—Have you ever to Caozhou Peony Garden?
—Yes, I there last year.
A.been; went
B.gone; went
C.been; gone
答案:C。
解析:看到句中Have you ever ...這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu),可知此處是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu),且只能跟延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用,故第一空填been。第二空的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是last year,表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),要用一般過(guò)去時(shí),故選went。答案選A。句意是:—你去過(guò)曹州牡丹園嗎?—是的,我去年去過(guò)。
5.(2019江蘇南通)—Is everyone here, Jonathan?
—No. Sir. Millie is absent. She for two days.
A. has fallen ill
B. has been ill
C. fell ill
D. was ill
答案B。
解析:根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for two days,表示一段時(shí)間,可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。fall ill與be ill都表示“生病”,但fall ill為短暫性動(dòng)詞,不可與一段時(shí)間連用,須轉(zhuǎn)換為be ill才可以,故正確答案為B。句意是:—喬納森,人到齊了嗎?—老師,沒(méi)有。米莉不在。她已經(jīng)病了兩天了。
6.(2019廣西玉林)—Jenny, your new tape player looks great.
—Oh, it’s not new. I it for three years.
A.buy
B.have had
C.bought
D.have bought
答案:B。
解析:句意是:—詹妮,你的新隨身聽(tīng)看上很不錯(cuò)啊!— 哦,它不是新的。我已經(jīng)買了3年了。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞buy在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,不可與段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,因此,須轉(zhuǎn)換為同義的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞have或own。所以,正確答案為B 。
用所給單詞的正確形式填空
1.(2019山東青島)The writer is so popular that he (sell) more than 200,000 books so far.
2.(2019江蘇連云港)—I (have a fever)since last night.
—You’d better go to see a doctor.
3.(2019甘肅蘭州)Jim has never (be) to Mount Tai in China.
4.(2019貴州安順) Sandy borrowed the novel from the library last week and (keep) it for 5 days.
5.(2019湖北鄂州)Cathy and Linda ( not be) back to their hometown for two years.
【答案&解析】
1.has sold。由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)so far可推知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),再結(jié)合主語(yǔ)The writer可知答案為has sold。
2.have had a fever。根據(jù)since+過(guò)去時(shí)間,“自……開(kāi)始”,可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故答案為have had a fever。
3. been。句中有never“從不”,可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故填been。
4.has kept。雖然是and引導(dǎo)的并列句,但是前后的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同,后半句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是for+一段時(shí)間,提示用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),且主語(yǔ)是Sandy,故填has kept。
5.haven’t been。“for+一段時(shí)間”提示用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),因此這里用其否定結(jié)構(gòu)have/has not+過(guò)去分詞,主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù),故填haven\\\\\\\'t been。
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