被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)和系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
所謂系表結(jié)構(gòu)，在此指“連系動(dòng)詞+用作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ed形式”結(jié)構(gòu)。它與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式完全一樣，所以在應(yīng)用時(shí)應(yīng)注意它們的區(qū)別。
被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)和系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別的用法
A. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞是動(dòng)詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。前者通�？捎胋y+人或by+抽象名詞表動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而后者則一般不用。
The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花園門被那個(gè)女孩鎖上了。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
The gate to the garden was locked. 花園門鎖了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵樹(shù)被大風(fēng)吹倒了。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我們看到那棵樹(shù)時(shí)，它已經(jīng)被吹倒了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
注意：
少數(shù)“連系動(dòng)詞be + 用作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ed形式”也帶by短語(yǔ)。
The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子們團(tuán)團(tuán)圍住。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周圍都是山。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
We were held up by fog. 我們因霧受阻。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么樹(shù)。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
B. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)一般只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)等少數(shù)幾種時(shí)態(tài);而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可用多種時(shí)態(tài)。
The composition is well written. 這篇作文寫(xiě)得很好。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The composition is being written. 這篇作文正在寫(xiě)。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
C. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞可被very, too, so修飾，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞須用much修飾。
The boy was too frightened to move. 這孩子嚇得動(dòng)也不敢動(dòng)。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
He was very excited.他很激動(dòng)。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
He was much excited by the news. 他聽(tīng)到消息后很激動(dòng)。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
D. be + 不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞通常是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
Her money is all gone. 她的錢都花光了。
The honoured guests are arrived. 貴賓們到了。
The moon is risen. 月亮升起來(lái)了。
She is grown up. 她長(zhǎng)大了。
The leaves are fallen. 樹(shù)葉落了。
We are prepared for the worst. 我們已準(zhǔn)備好應(yīng)付最壞的情況。
E. 表示“充滿”意思的“be + 過(guò)去分詞 + with”結(jié)構(gòu)多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
The mountain is covered with snow all the year round. 這座山終年被積雪覆蓋。
The classroom was crowded with pupils. 教室里擠滿了學(xué)生。
The lake is dotted with fishing boats. 湖里漁帆點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。
The floor was piled with old books. 地板上堆滿了舊書(shū)。
F. remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等詞 + 過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
The matter remained unsettled. 這件事懸而未決。
She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。
The road became crowded. 道路擁擠了。
G. 句中有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，反之為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
The bank is closed. 銀行現(xiàn)在關(guān)門了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The bank is usually closed at six. 銀行通常六點(diǎn)關(guān)門。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
He is married. 他結(jié)婚了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
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