主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)化的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
中國(guó)人的思維的著眼點(diǎn)在動(dòng)作的施動(dòng)者，英美人思維的著眼點(diǎn)在動(dòng)作的承受者。
中國(guó)人常這樣說：I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你準(zhǔn)時(shí)到那里。
英美人常這樣說：You are expected to be there on time. 希望你準(zhǔn)時(shí)到那里。
這就是英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用比漢語中多的原因。由于英語句子的主動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)不同，因而變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方式也各不相同。
主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)化的用法
A. 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語
“主語 + 謂語 + 賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)中只有一個(gè)賓語，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z：
They will discuss the plan at the meeting. 他們將在會(huì)議上討論這個(gè)問題。
-- The plan will be discussed at the meeting. 這個(gè)問題將在會(huì)議上討論。
In the past the king possessed great wealth. 過去國(guó)王擁有巨大的財(cái)富。
n In the past great wealth was possessed by the king. 過去，巨大的財(cái)富為國(guó)王所擁有。
B. 主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語
在這個(gè)句型中，謂語動(dòng)詞跟有兩個(gè)賓語。變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，一般將通常指人的間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語，但有時(shí)也可將指物的間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語：
We gave the student some books. 我們給了這個(gè)學(xué)生幾本書。
-- The student was given some books. 這個(gè)學(xué)生被給了幾本書。
-- Some books were given to the student. 幾本書被給了這個(gè)學(xué)生。
His father bought him a computer last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺(tái)電腦。
-- He was bought a computer by his father last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺(tái)電腦。
-- A computer was bought for him by his father last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺(tái)電腦。
注意：用直接賓語作被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語時(shí)，通常要在間接賓語前加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~(如to, for, of等)，以加強(qiáng)間接賓語的語氣。
They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他們授予他諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。
-- The Nobel Prize was awarded(to)him. 諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)被授予給他。
The host had caught us some fish. 主人給我們捉了一些魚。
n Some fish had been caught for us by the host. 主人給我們捉了一些魚。(for不可省)
n
C. 主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語
在這個(gè)句型中，謂語動(dòng)詞后有一個(gè)賓語和一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)足語，變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語，賓語補(bǔ)足語也隨之變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語：
All the villagers painted the houses white. 所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。
-- The houses were painted white by all the villagers. 房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白色。
They kept us waiting for a long time. 他們讓我們等了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
-- We were kept waiting for a long time. 我們等了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
We regarded him as the best doctor in town. 我們認(rèn)為他是城里最好的醫(yī)生。
-- He was regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被認(rèn)為是城里最好的醫(yī)生。
注意：
有些使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞,如make, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to等，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，不定式應(yīng)加上to。
We heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我們聽見他向朋友們道別。
n He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 他被聽到向朋友們道別。
n
D. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be done”構(gòu)成。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
cancould
maymight
must
havehad to
willwould
shallshould
ought to
主動(dòng)形式
cancould do
maymight do
must do
havehad to do
willwould do
shallshould do
ought to do
被動(dòng)形式
cancould be done
maymight be done
must be done
havehad to be done
willwould be done
shallshould be done
ought to be done
The machine must be operated with care. 這機(jī)器必須小心操作。
Such a sentence ought not to be used here. 這個(gè)句子不應(yīng)該用在這里。
What's done cannot be undone. 覆水難收。
People had to be reminded of the danger that night. 那天晚上必須提醒人們當(dāng)心危險(xiǎn)。
E. 含有“be going to do”和“be to do”等結(jié)構(gòu)的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句
含有“be going to do和 be to do 等結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動(dòng)詞，變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，分別用“be going to + be done”和“be to + be done”。在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中，be只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)兩種形式。
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. 這個(gè)問題將在會(huì)上討論。
This new film is to be shown on TV next week. 這部新片下周將在電視上放映。
F.含有賓語從句的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句
帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，通常用it來作為被動(dòng)句的形式主語，賓語從句保留不變。
They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他們說他出國(guó)學(xué)英語去了。
-- It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 據(jù)說他出國(guó)學(xué)英語去了。
We haven't decided when we should go camping. 我們還未決定什么時(shí)候去野營(yíng)。
-- It hasn't been decided when we should go camping. 什么時(shí)候去野營(yíng)尚未決定。
提示：
帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，為了簡(jiǎn)練，還可把從句的主語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語，從句的謂語部分還可以變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ蕉陶Z。
We believed that he would succeed. 我們相信他會(huì)成功。
-- He was believed to succeed. 人們相信他會(huì)成功。
Father expected that I should become an engineer. 父親希望我成為工程師。
-- I was expected (by my father) to become an engineer. (父親)希望我成為工程師。
G.祈使句的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
肯定的祈使句的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是：Let + 賓語 + be + 過去分詞;否定的祈使句的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是：Don't + let + 賓語 + be + 過去分詞(或Let + 賓語 + not + be + 過去分詞)。
Move the desks into the corridor.
-- Let the desks be moved into the corridor. 把課桌搬到走廊去。
Don't trust her.
-- Don't let her be trusted.
-- Let her not be trusted. 不要相信她。
H. 動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
一般情況下，只有及物動(dòng)詞才能跟賓語，而不及物動(dòng)詞不能跟賓語，所以只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，不及物動(dòng)詞則沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但有些不及物動(dòng)詞后面跟上介詞或副詞后，變成一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，因此就可以有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well.
-- The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this hospital. 病人在這所醫(yī)院里被護(hù)士們照料得很周到。
They have put off the meeting till next Saturday.
-- The meeting has been put off till next Saturday. 會(huì)議已推遲到下周六了。
注意：
在使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，千萬不要遺漏句末的介詞或副詞。
Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 這樣的壞習(xí)慣應(yīng)該改掉。
All the important matters have now been attended to. 所有重要的事情都得到了處理。
I. 雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)指的是句中謂語動(dòng)詞和其后的不定式均為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，句子的主語既是謂語動(dòng)詞的承受者，同時(shí)又是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者。
They asked us to discuss the problem at once.
-- We were asked to discuss the problem at once.
-- The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 這個(gè)問題被要求立刻討論。(雙重被動(dòng))
She offered to buy a recorder for me.
-- A recorder was offered to be bought for me. 有人提出要幫我買一臺(tái)錄音機(jī)。(雙重被動(dòng))
The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away.
-- The desk was ordered to be taken away. 課桌被要求搬走。(雙重被動(dòng))
J.下列句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，要用with，不用by
Smoke filled the meeting room. 煙充滿了會(huì)議室。
The meeting room was filled with smoke. 會(huì)議室里充滿了煙。
A cloth covered the table. 一塊布把桌子罩了起來。
The table was covered with a cloth. 桌子上鋪著一塊布。
歡迎使用手機(jī)、平板等移動(dòng)設(shè)備訪問中考網(wǎng)，2024中考一路陪伴同行！>>點(diǎn)擊查看
