過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)(The Past Perfect Tense)：表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，對(duì)過(guò)去的某一點(diǎn)造成的某種影響或是結(jié)果，用來(lái)指在另一個(gè)過(guò)去行動(dòng)之前就已經(jīng)完成了的事件。它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，側(cè)重事情的結(jié)果。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
過(guò)去完成時(shí)是由“had+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的。
Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.
我很快就意識(shí)到我犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。
The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous. He had not flown before.
飛機(jī)上坐在我旁邊的人很緊張，他以前從沒(méi)乘過(guò)飛機(jī)。
Had he gone home when you arrived?你到的時(shí)候他已經(jīng)回家了嗎?
過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法
①“已完成”用法
表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前或過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。句中常用by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或以before, until, when, than等詞引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)含一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.
到昨天早上5點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)，我們已經(jīng)做完了那件工作。
He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.
老師從辦公室回來(lái)時(shí)，他剛把教室打掃完。
They came earlier than we had expected.
他們到得比我們預(yù)料的要早。
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
我在進(jìn)大學(xué)之前就已學(xué)了5000個(gè)單詞。
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.
旱了好幾個(gè)月之后，昨天下雨了。
注意：
在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)閺木鋭?dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
The train (had) started before I reached the station.
在我到達(dá)車站之前，列車已經(jīng)開(kāi)了。
After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語(yǔ)水平。
②“未完成”用法
表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前就已開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間，還可能再持續(xù)下去。
Up to that time all had gone well.
直到那時(shí)一切都很順利。
John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
約翰和簡(jiǎn)在結(jié)婚前就認(rèn)識(shí)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。
She said she had made much progress since she came here.
她說(shuō)自從她到這兒后已取得了很大的進(jìn)步。
③“想象性”用法
過(guò)去完成時(shí)有時(shí)表示一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法，主要用在if引導(dǎo)的和過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的條件句以及wish, as if引導(dǎo)的從句中。
If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.
要是她努力的話，她就會(huì)成功了。(事實(shí)上她沒(méi)努力，也沒(méi)成功。)
I wish I had gone with you to the concert.
我要是和你一起去音樂(lè)會(huì)就好了。
The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.
那兩個(gè)陌生人交談起來(lái)就像是多年的老朋友。
④表示“剛剛……就……”
過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ... when..., no sooner ... than ...等結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“剛剛……就……”。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他剛開(kāi)始演講，聽(tīng)眾就打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他剛到就又走了。
提示：
intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示一個(gè)本來(lái)打算做而未做的事。
I had meant to come, but something happened.
我原本打算來(lái)的，但有事發(fā)生了。
I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.
我本打算去看你的，但沒(méi)能去成。
They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.
他們?cè)霂兔Φ�，但沒(méi)能及時(shí)趕到這里。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前，因此它表示的是“比過(guò)去更過(guò)去”。
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已歸還了我借的書(shū)。
He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.
他對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無(wú)所知，因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
我在車站等了20分鐘車才來(lái)。
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