2023年初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：句子成分的用法歸納總結(jié)

句子成分的用法

1、主語(yǔ)

(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞等充當(dāng),說明動(dòng)作是“誰(shuí)”發(fā)出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實(shí)). / Helping animals is to help people. (幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人類。)

(2)動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)可用it代替,而不定式或動(dòng)名詞移至表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在長(zhǎng)途旅行中能有個(gè)甲等座位簡(jiǎn)直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對(duì)你的身體不利。)

(3)口語(yǔ)中常見主語(yǔ)或“主--系”省略：(It is) nothing. ((那)沒有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)沒有關(guān)系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)謝謝你。)

(4)反意問句的附加問句,主語(yǔ)必須是代詞：The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (這個(gè)人看上去很著急不是嗎?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物不是嗎?)

(5)祈使句一般省略主語(yǔ)。加主語(yǔ)時(shí)往往用來指定某個(gè)人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請(qǐng)保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主語(yǔ)) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來。)

(6)主語(yǔ)一般在句首,但在問句中會(huì)處于第二位和句尾;倒裝句及there be句型主語(yǔ)在動(dòng)詞之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (計(jì)算機(jī)生產(chǎn)于這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們?cè)谀膬?) / Does the boy like staying home? (這個(gè)男孩喜歡呆在家里嗎?)

(7)主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)必須保持單、復(fù)數(shù)的一致, 而謂語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)之間沒有這一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過考試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個(gè)勤勞勇敢的民族。)

(8)主語(yǔ)可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“主語(yǔ)從句”。

2、謂語(yǔ)

(1)由“不及物動(dòng)詞”、“及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”或“系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”等構(gòu)成,說明主語(yǔ)所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么樣”。如：

He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經(jīng)變壞。) /

(2)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須反映出人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)等信息,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往由下列詞語(yǔ)依序排列構(gòu)成：[情態(tài)動(dòng)詞]+[時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞]+[語(yǔ)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞]+[主要?jiǎng)釉~](不一定全部出現(xiàn))。(見動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成表)　記住：謂語(yǔ)部分第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞往往是變形動(dòng)詞。如：

I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對(duì)不起我發(fā)出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He can’thave finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長(zhǎng)達(dá)800頁(yè)的小說。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該采取措施防止

禽流感蔓延。)

(3)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞切忌用“行為動(dòng)詞1 + 原形動(dòng)詞”、“be + 原形動(dòng)詞”。

記住使用下列正確形式：

①情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+原形動(dòng)詞。如：You’d better go over the lesson.(你最好復(fù)習(xí)這一課。)

②shall/ will/ would+原形動(dòng)詞。如：They should have been there once.(他們應(yīng)該去過那兒。)

③be+現(xiàn)在分詞或者過去分詞。如：What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自從20世紀(jì)70年代大批樹木被砍伐。)

④have+過去分詞。如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)

⑤一般時(shí)問句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形動(dòng)詞。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子過的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你們當(dāng)中有誰(shuí)見過恐龍蛋嗎?)

⑥行為動(dòng)詞1+行為動(dòng)詞2 (不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做個(gè)獸醫(yī)。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自愛是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著：圣誕快樂!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及國(guó)王讓人給他們自己修建堅(jiān)固的墳?zāi)埂?

(4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),必須在此之前加連系動(dòng)詞。

(5)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式：?jiǎn)螖?shù)形式的動(dòng)詞有：is,was,has,does以及“動(dòng)詞+s”;復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞有：are,were,have以及動(dòng)詞原形。其他動(dòng)詞不分單、復(fù)數(shù)。

記�。褐髡Z(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)必須保持一致。(參見“4、名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題：”) Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對(duì)于我們大家是必不可少的。)

(6)一般問句和反意問句的回答不使用行為動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)該使用“是”動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞(be,will,have,do以及變形)。如：The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奧運(yùn)會(huì)每?jī)赡昱e辦一次,是嗎?----是的。)

3、賓語(yǔ)

(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、(賓語(yǔ))從句充當(dāng),表示動(dòng)作的承受者是“誰(shuí)”或者是“何物”。如： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個(gè)天使同樣來到約瑟夫面前并且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當(dāng)兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說公司付不起他那么多的錢。)(不定式作賓語(yǔ)) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他們?nèi)绱讼矏劭醋闱蛞灾劣诔３Ｍ�記了他們的功課。)(動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我認(rèn)為當(dāng)個(gè)兒童醫(yī)生是很值得的。)(從句作賓語(yǔ))

(2) 只有及物動(dòng)詞或介詞才有賓語(yǔ),不及物動(dòng)詞沒有賓語(yǔ),如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動(dòng)詞后面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物動(dòng)詞,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能聽到什么令人興奮的消息嗎?)

(3) 賓語(yǔ)一般放在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的后面,但是在疑問句中,如果賓語(yǔ)是疑問詞,則賓語(yǔ)要放在句首。介詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是疑問詞,則可以放在介詞后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看見了什么?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么寫的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么寫的信?)

(4)“動(dòng)詞+副詞+賓語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語(yǔ)是代詞,則代詞必須放在“動(dòng)”“副”之間。如：Please put the shoes away. (請(qǐng)把鞋子收起來。) / Please put away the shoes. (請(qǐng)把鞋子收起來。) / Please put them away. (請(qǐng)把它們收起來。)

(5) 動(dòng)詞后面跟雙賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以采用兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：

①動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)(人)+直接賓語(yǔ)(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我。)

②動(dòng)詞+直接賓語(yǔ)+介詞+間接賓語(yǔ)。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動(dòng)詞是make, buy, borrow時(shí),介詞用for.如： Please make me a kite. (請(qǐng)給我做個(gè)風(fēng)箏。)或Please make a kite for me.

(6) 在“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語(yǔ)是不定式、動(dòng)名詞、賓語(yǔ)從句,則常用it做形式賓語(yǔ),而將實(shí)際的賓語(yǔ)移到補(bǔ)語(yǔ)后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult. (我發(fā)覺這個(gè)工作相當(dāng)難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.

(7) 賓語(yǔ)可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“賓語(yǔ)從句”。

4、表語(yǔ)

(1) 說明主語(yǔ)的身份、性質(zhì)、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、名詞、代詞等充當(dāng)。如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中畢業(yè)他當(dāng)上了醫(yī)生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡膠輪子在那邊。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因?yàn)樗�得了重感冒�? / Who is it?(誰(shuí)呀?)

(2) 表語(yǔ)只能放在連系動(dòng)詞(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,對(duì)表語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問的句子除外。

(3) 代詞做表語(yǔ)一般用主格,口語(yǔ)中常用賓。如：It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。

(4) 只能作表語(yǔ)的形容詞有：sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(請(qǐng)不要發(fā)出響動(dòng),嬰兒正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對(duì)獨(dú)坐孤舟無所事事感興趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才這樣想的。)

(5) 表語(yǔ)也可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“表語(yǔ)從句”。

5、定語(yǔ)

(1) 修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問、不定)、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式(短語(yǔ))充當(dāng),在初三階段還學(xué)習(xí)了定語(yǔ)從句做定語(yǔ)的知識(shí)。如：Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法國(guó)和瑞士是歐洲國(guó)家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大學(xué)教師。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子。)

(2) 單詞做定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序：

(3) 時(shí)間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地點(diǎn)副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在被修飾的名詞后面。如：I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒。)

(4) 介詞短語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)只能放在名詞的后面：The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的。)

(5) 形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí),往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不尋常的事情。)

(6) 定語(yǔ)還可以用從句充當(dāng),詳見 定語(yǔ)從句。

(7) 注意：由于定語(yǔ)屬于修飾性的成分,因此它常歸入主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)之中,不作為句子的主要成分。

6、狀語(yǔ)

(1) 說明動(dòng)作“何時(shí)”、“何地”、“如何”發(fā)生,或者說明形容詞或副詞的程度,一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、狀語(yǔ)從句等充當(dāng)。如：I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college education was something new.(對(duì)其中的許多家庭來說,大學(xué)教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)房子著火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能離開)

(2) 副詞作狀語(yǔ)位置較為靈活,詳見《六·2》“副詞在句子中的位置以及作用”;介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),位置基本固定,詳見《七·4》“介詞短語(yǔ)在句子中的位置”;不定式作狀語(yǔ),一般表示目的、結(jié)果,詳見《八·7》“動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式”;從句作狀語(yǔ),詳見《主從復(fù)合句》的“狀語(yǔ)從句”。

(3) 多個(gè)狀語(yǔ)相連時(shí),一般先單詞、后短語(yǔ),先地點(diǎn)、后時(shí)間,先小概念、后大概念。如：He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22點(diǎn)3刻從房間里出來,然后消失在黑暗之中。) /

(4) 狀語(yǔ)還可以用從句來充當(dāng),有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句等。詳見“狀語(yǔ)從句”。

(5) 注意：由于狀語(yǔ)屬于修飾性的成分,常歸入謂語(yǔ),因此不作為句子的主要成分。

7、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

(1) 補(bǔ)充說明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)的成分為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),常由名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式(不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞等)、介詞短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)。如：Call him Jim, please. (請(qǐng)叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭盡所能讓他開心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (請(qǐng)他明天來。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他讓小動(dòng)物們給他帶食物來。)

(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副詞也可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你說,讓他進(jìn)來!)/ Please put it away. (請(qǐng)把它收起來。)

(3) 不定式或分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的情況,詳見《八·7》“動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式”相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

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