等比句
句型［主語(yǔ)（主體）+謂語(yǔ)+as+形容詞/副詞+as+被比對(duì)象］
1. He is as tall as I (am). 2. This window is just as wide as that one.
3. This is just as good an example as the other. 4. Does John work as hard as Henry?
5. We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.
[注] 如果形容詞后有一個(gè)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞, 不定冠詞應(yīng)置于名詞之前形容詞后, 如：He is as poor a speaker as I.
句型［主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+no more形容詞//副詞（或no +形容詞/副詞比較級(jí)）+than+被比對(duì)象］
1. She is no less diligent than her elder sister. 2. One minute too late is no more in time than half an hour.
3. The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed.
4. We too have a head and two hands and are no stupider than others.
5. China's women, no less than men, are participating in all kinds of work in the socialist construction of their country.
[注] 如果兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)相比，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與前一個(gè)保持一致關(guān)系。如： He no less than you is (不是are) diligent.
[附注] 表示等比的還有以下一些方式：
1) "…be equal to+被比對(duì)象"如：A dingle day is equal to twenty years. In strength, he is equal to me.
2) "…be worth+被比對(duì)象" 如：An inch of time is worth an inch of gold. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
3) 用其他詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)：Three early mornings will make a day. Only he in our class can cope with you in knowledge of English.
差比句 句型［主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+形容詞比較級(jí)/ 副詞比較級(jí)+(名詞)+than+被比對(duì)象］
1. Too much help is sometimes worse than no help.
2. Facts speak louder than eloquence. (Actions speak louder than words.)
3. Our room is a little larger than theirs and it has more furniture in it.
4. Light does not travel at the same speed through all materials; it goes slower through some than through others.
[注] 這種形容詞組合還可以作定語(yǔ)，置于名詞之后。如：It feeds on worms and other fish smaller than itself.
句型［主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+more/less+形容詞原級(jí)/副詞+than+被比對(duì)象］
1. This book is more interesting than that one.
2. He is more attentive in class now than he was last term.
3. It's less cold than it was yesterday.
4. He works more regularly than you do.
5. The new edition is less expensive than the old one.
[注1] 使用比較級(jí)要注意兩點(diǎn)：
1) 不要使用雙重比較級(jí)， 如：(誤) His younger brother was more stronger than he.
(正) His younger brother was much stronger than he. His younger brother was stronger than he.
2) 不要使用無(wú)比較對(duì)象的孤立的比較級(jí)。如：(誤) We saw many smaller houses on both sides of the river.
(正) We saw many small houses on both sides of the river.
(正) We saw many houses smaller than usual on both sides of the river.
[注2] 比較級(jí)前可加一些增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的詞，如：much, even, still, a little (bit), slightly, far , any, no, a lot 等。
My room is a little (bit) smaller than hers. Eighteen is much less than eighty.
[注3] 如果表示"因…而更…" 可用句型 the+比較級(jí)+for (或because, as等詞)，
如： I like him all the better for his faults. I do not like him the less because he has faults.
He is none the happier for his wealth. A good tale is none the worse for being twice told.
句型［主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+not so/not as+形容詞原級(jí)/副詞+as+被比對(duì)象］
1. Tom is not so tall as his brother. (Tom is less tall than his brother.)
2. Mr. Green is not so old as he looks. 3. It isn't as cold as it was yesterday.
4. John doesn't work so hard as Henry.
5. Dawney answered slowly: "Never so happy as when my hands are full.
句型［主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+以or結(jié)尾的形容詞比較級(jí)+to+被比對(duì)象］
1. His strength is superior to (=greater than) mine. 2. My knowledge is inferior to (=less than) his.
3. Is your father senior to mine? My father is junior to yours.
4. His arrival in New York is posterior to that of my friend.
5. Colored people are by no means inferior to white people.
句型［被比對(duì)象(第一分句暗示某種程度)+主體(第二分句含比較級(jí))］
1. I caught the last bus from town; but Harry came home even later. (He came home later than I.)
2. The Long March is great, but the New Long March will be greater, and more arduous.
3. Dear as are father and mother, the motherland is still dearer.
4. One of my suitcases is small, and the other one is medium.
句型［主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+absolute superiority over+被比對(duì)象］
[主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+above/ next to+被比對(duì)象] [主語(yǔ)+can't compare with+被比對(duì)象]
1. The socialist system has demonstrated absolute superiority over the capitalist one.
2. The price of wisdom is above rubies. 3. We love truth above everything else.
4. As long as men live, water will continue to be what it is today - next in importance to oxygen.
5. Next to the Yangtze, the Yellow River is the second longest river in our country.
6. It is worth next to nothing. 7. How could Napoleon compare with Lenin?
8. The situation of the enemy cannot compare with ours.
[附注] 關(guān)于等差句有以下幾點(diǎn)需要注意：
1) 句型16 "not to speak of" 等詞組也可用以表示差比, 如: Even a worm, when trodden on, will turn, not to speak of a man outraged.
2) former, latter, elder等形容詞, 詞尾雖然是比較級(jí)形式, 但它們永遠(yuǎn)不用于比較句中, 也不能跟than, 如： He will come here in the latter part of year.
3) 等差既可以指出相差的數(shù)目, (用by+數(shù)詞表示) 也可以指出相差的范圍, 如: of +名詞, with regard to, in point of, with respect to, with reference to, with relation to, in the sphere of, in the field of等等。例句: She is the more patient of the two. In point of commerce, Shanghai is more prosperous than Nanjing. With reference to territory, China is larger than America.
4) 有些語(yǔ)句的詞序變動(dòng)較大閱讀和翻譯時(shí)要弄清其結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Easier said than done. (=It is easier to be said than to be done.) In science, more than in any other human institution, it is necessary to search out the past in order to understand the present and to control the future. (= It is more necessary in science than in any other human institution to search out…)
有時(shí)一個(gè)詞的原級(jí)和比較級(jí)在一同結(jié)構(gòu)的句中會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的意義，如：If he was ten years old, he would understand it. ≠ If he was ten years older, he would understand it.
5) 要注意避免不合理的比較。如：(誤)The face of his father looks older than his uncle.
(正) The face of his father looks older than that of his uncle. His father's face looks older than his uncle's.
極比句 句型［…the 形容詞最高級(jí)/ 副詞最高級(jí)+(名詞)+范圍詞…］
1. This is the easiest book I've ever read. 2. Mrs. Thomson works hardest of all.
3. Dictionaries are like watches; the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true. 4. It is our greatest happiness to dedicate our youth to the New Long March.
5. The least means shall be used to achieve the greatest end. 6. Which of the boys studies best?
句型［…the most/ least形容詞原級(jí)/副詞+(名詞)+范圍詞…］
1. She is the most active girl in our class. 2. You're the one who writes the most correctly.
3. "How is your watch?" - "My watch goes the most accurately."
4. The most short-sighted man could see that at a glance, with his naked eyes," said Martin.
5. Light waves travel most quickly through air, they go much slower through water and even slower through glass.
[注1] "best of all" 表示肯定的最; "least of all" 表示否定的最， 如： I like swimming best of all.
I like that least of all. The least用作最高級(jí)時(shí)，往往被其后面的形容詞的反義詞的最高級(jí)所取代。如: This is the most difficult (不用the least easy) book I've ever read. This is the most uninteresting (很少用the least interesting) book of the three.
[注2] 兩個(gè)概念的表示法：1) 若干個(gè)最大中的一個(gè)可用 "one of+最高級(jí)" 表示, 如: "What about horse-racing?" - "I should say that that is one of the most popular sports in Great Britain."
2) "第2, 3, 4…大" 可用 "the 序數(shù)詞+最高級(jí)" 表示, 如： My home town is the second largest city in our province.
[注3] most前，如果沒(méi)有the,則不是表示比較，而表示 "很", "非常", 如: The present world situation is most favorable for the people. The meeting proceeded in a most friendly atmosphere.
句型［…否定詞…+比較級(jí)…］
1. I never saw a prettier sight. 2. No other book has had a greater influence on my life.
3. I will say this, that the best shot in existence could not have done it more beautifully
4. "How about a game of bridge?" - "I can't think of a better idea."
5. When you come to think of it, there is nothing in the world more potent-and more impotent - than words
[注] 從反面表達(dá)最高比較級(jí)的方式很多，甚至可以不用比較級(jí)的詞語(yǔ)，如：
Nothing ancient or modern seems to come near it. (come near 與…相比)
In point of strength, he is second to none. (second to none獨(dú)一無(wú)二)
No one is to be compared with him for resourcefulness. He has no equal in playing ping-pong ball.
句型［…否定詞語(yǔ)…+so+形容詞/ 副詞+as+被比對(duì)象］
1. No country suffered so much as England. 2. No war is so great as the European war.
3. There is nothing I like so much as playing football. 4. Nothing is so easy as this.
5. None is so blind as those that won't see.
[注] 極比句中表示范圍的詞語(yǔ)，除了用差比句附注第三列出的詞以外，還有以下幾種。
1) 用that引出的從句表示范圍: That is the most important discovery (that) ever made by man.
2) 用in 引出的短語(yǔ)表示范圍: This is the busiest street in the city.
3) 用of 引出的短語(yǔ)表示范圍: Of all the writers of the time Lu Shun enjoyed the greatest popularity among the people.
4) 用其他介詞短語(yǔ)表示: Mr. Zhu is the strictest among the teachers of our school. It is the finest thing under the sun.
5) 用條件句表示范圍: "If there is one thing I do not like, it is a crying child…"
"If there is a scoundrel upon earth, that scoundrel's name is HEEP."
比例句 句型［(從句) The+形容詞比較級(jí)/ 副詞比較級(jí)…, (主句) the+形容詞比較級(jí)/ 副詞比較級(jí)…］( 第1個(gè)the是關(guān)系副詞，有 "by how much" 之意，第2個(gè)the是指示副詞，有 "by so much" 之意。)
1. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
2. The sooner we begin our work, the sooner we shall finish it.
3. The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.
4. "How long is he going to stay there?" - "I don't know exactly, but… the longer he stays the better."
5. The more I think of it, the happier I am.
[注1] 當(dāng)比較級(jí)作表語(yǔ)而又不處于句首時(shí), 可以不用the 相關(guān)聯(lián)。 如：When we encounter more difficulties, we should be more spirited; when we are more at danger, we should be more courageous.
[注2] 注意本句型可省略的成分較多, 常見于諺語(yǔ)、俗語(yǔ)中 如： The sooner, the better.
= the sooner you do it the better it will be. = By how much sooner you do it, by so much better it will be.
= In whatever degree sooner you do it, in that degree better it will be. The more, the merrier. The more, the better.
[注3] 還有一些帶比較級(jí)的詞組，也含有比例發(fā)展的意味;但這些詞組多用于表示同一事物的發(fā)展程度，一般不帶被比對(duì)象。1) "…ever+比較級(jí)+ (and+比較級(jí))…" 如：The story gets ever more exciting.
Our country is growing ever richer and stronger.
2) "…+比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)…" 如：…his poor cheek has turned ever thinner and paler.
3) "…the+比較級(jí)…" 這大多是一種習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)。 如： So much the worse. a change for the worse all the more = more and more
擇比句 句型［Better+(主語(yǔ))形容詞或副詞/名詞/(to)動(dòng)詞原形…+than+被比對(duì)象］
1. Better late than never. 2. Better to do well than to say well.
3. Better to light one candle than to curse the darkness.
4. Better say nothing than nothing to the purpose.
5. Better die standing than live kneeling. (=it is better to die standing than to live kneeling.)
[注] 注意本句型可省略被比對(duì)象, 如： Better be with the dead. Better let the furnace cool a bit.
句型［主語(yǔ)+had (would) rather+動(dòng)詞原形…+than+動(dòng)詞原形…］
[主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+rather than+動(dòng)詞原形…]
1. I would (或had) rather join you in research work than go on holiday to the seaside.
2. They would rather die as free men than live as slaves.
3. "I would rather die with my head high, with indestructible faith and profound belief in the destiny of our country, than live in humility and renounce the principles which are sacred to me."
4. Oliver fell on his knees, clasping his hands together, and begged them to kill him if they pleased rather than send him away with that dreadful man. 5. He insisted on staying rather than go
句型［主語(yǔ)+prefer+名詞或動(dòng)名詞A+to+名詞或動(dòng)名詞B…］
[主語(yǔ)+prefer+不定式A+rather than+不定式B…]
1. I preferred these ruins to Kate's pointed yellow boots. 2. He prefers doing to talking.
3. The revolutionaries preferred death to dishonor. 4. I prefer to work rather than (to) sit idle.
5. He prefers to write his letters rather than dictate others.
[注1] 注意本句型的兩式不可混用。不可說(shuō) "I prefer doing this rather than that." 只能說(shuō) "I prefer doing this to (doing) that. 或 I prefer to do this rather than do that.
[注2] prefer的派生詞 preferable, preference也都可用以表示擇比。有以下方式：
1) "名詞A+be+preferable to+名詞B" 如： This is preferable to that.
2) "…名詞A+in+preference to+名詞B" 如： After the noun reason, use that in preference to because.
3) "…preference for+名詞A+to+名詞B" 如： I have a preference for Chinese to foreign novels.
句型［主語(yǔ)+would sooner+動(dòng)詞原形…than+動(dòng)詞原形…］
[Sooner than+動(dòng)詞原形…(主句) 主語(yǔ)+would +動(dòng)詞原形…]
1. I would sooner die than do such a thing.
2. Mr. Milton would sooner resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.
3. Sooner than do such work, I would starve.
4. Sooner than marry that man, Eva would earn her living as a waitress.
句型[主語(yǔ)+would (had)…as soon/as lief+…as+被棄對(duì)象]
1. I had as soon you broke his neck as his finger.
2. I would (just) as soon stay at home as go for a walk.
3. He would as soon kill himself as betray his country.
4. I would as lief (as soon) die as live in dishonor.
5. I would (had) as lief join the Eighth Route Army as anything.
句型[主語(yǔ)+…choose+名詞A+before+名詞B] [主語(yǔ)+before+從句]
1. A hero should choose death before dishonor. 2. He chose this before all others.
3. I am willing to work myself to death before I give up. 4. I would do anything before that.
5. We would sooner die fighting first before we allow this to happen to us.
[注] 其他如first, leave…for或兩個(gè)獨(dú)立分句等也可表示擇比， 如： He said he would resign first.
He left the bar for the pen. I like geography, but I prefer history.
對(duì)比句 句型［（第一并列分句）+while/whereas+（第二并列分句）］
1. The enemy rots with every passing day, while for us things are getting better daily.
2. The strength of the collective is boundless, while that of the individual is very limited.
3. Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it.
4. You can also see that there is a grand piano, whereas ours is an upright.
句型［（第一并列分句）+but on the contrary+（第二并列分句）］
1. I have not nearly done. On the contrary, I have only just begun.
2. I do not admire that man, but on the contrary, I have a great contempt for him.
3. You think me idle, but on the contrary, I am very busy.
4. We are becoming stronger and stronger as we fight and, on the contrary, our enemy is getting more exhausted as the war drags on.
[注1] 與本句型相似的詞組還有：1) "Contrary to+名詞" 如： Contrary to what we had expected, he didn't come.
2) "In contrast to+名詞" 如： In contrast to (或with) capitalism, there is nothing in the socialist economic system to cause war. 3) "In opposition to+名詞" 如： In opposition to my wishes, you didn't study hard.
[注2] 與本句型意義相反的是 "如同…一樣", 參考下面句式：
"Just as+從句", "Just like+從句": Just as Karl Marx did, he regarded a foreign language as a weapon in the struggle of life. = Just like Karl Marx, he regarded a foreign language as a weapon in the struggle of life.
句型［If+從句, (then)+主句］
1. If a government uses fascistic methods to suppress others, it is only one step removed from using the same methods against its own people.
2. If the desert can be called the sea, then the camels are the ships in it.
3. If in the capitalist world the working people toil only in order not to die of hunger, then in our country creative labor is considered as a thing glorious and heroic.
4. If this should be true, (then) that will be wrong.
[注] 表示對(duì)比意義的方式是比較多的，這里主要指出兩種。1) 利用句子成分相同或相似的平行結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示，如：
We that (that是古舊用法) are sundered in sorrow may meet again in joy.
Books are the best of things if well used; if abused, among the worst.
2) "As…so…" 也可以表示對(duì)比意義，如：As the bees love sweetness, so do the flies love rottenness.
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