介詞、連詞
一. 介詞
1. 介詞概述：介詞表示它與后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。介詞是虛詞，不能單獨(dú)做句子成分。介詞在英語(yǔ)中用法很活，也無(wú)一定規(guī)律可循。在初中范圍內(nèi)還應(yīng)學(xué)一個(gè)記住一個(gè)，特別是那些和動(dòng)詞的特殊搭配。
2. 常用介詞的意義和用法。
�、� 時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)介詞in、on、at的用法區(qū)別：
表示時(shí)間時(shí), in表示在一段時(shí)間里(在將來(lái)時(shí)句子中則表示在一段時(shí)間之后), on表示在具體的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某個(gè)時(shí)刻或者瞬間;
表示地點(diǎn)時(shí), in表示在某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi), on表示在某個(gè)平面上或與一個(gè)面相接觸,at則表示在某個(gè)具體的場(chǎng)所或地點(diǎn)。如：
He was born on the night of May 10th.
I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning.
His glasses are on the desk.
My brother is at the bus stop.
�、� after與in表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別：“after+(具體時(shí)刻/從句)”表示“在…時(shí)刻之后”常用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài);“in+(一段時(shí)間)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如：
He said that he would come back after 6：00.
My father is coming back from Astralia in about a month.
⑶ since與for表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別：“since+(具體時(shí)刻/that-從句)”表示“自從…起一直到現(xiàn)在”,“for +(一段時(shí)間)”表示“持續(xù)一段時(shí)間”,都常用于完成時(shí)態(tài);如：
My father has worked in this factory since 1970.
My father has worked in this factory for over 30 years.
�、� by、in與with表示方式的用法區(qū)別：都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某個(gè)交通工具或“以……方式”,在被動(dòng)句中可以表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;in表示“使用”某種語(yǔ)言/文字,with表示“使用”某個(gè)具體的工具、手段。如：
We write with our hands and walk with our feet.
Please speak in English.
Let’s go to the zoo by bus.
It was invented by Adison.
�、� about與on的用法區(qū)別：都可以表示“有關(guān)…”,但是about的意義比較廣,而on主要表示“有關(guān)…(專(zhuān)題/課程)”。如：
Tom is going to give a speech on the history of China.
They are talking about the English test.
�、� through與across、over的用法區(qū)別： through指“穿過(guò)…(門(mén)洞/人群/樹(shù)林)”; across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互換,但是表示“翻過(guò)…”時(shí)只能用over. 如：
Just then a kangaroo (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那時(shí)一只袋鼠跑過(guò)路面)
There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座橋)
They climbed over the mountain and arrived there (他們翻過(guò)大山到達(dá)了那里)/
The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(參觀者們穿過(guò)一個(gè)大門(mén)來(lái)到另一個(gè)公園)
(7)as與like的區(qū)別：兩個(gè)詞都表示“像……”,但是as譯為“作為……”,表示的是職業(yè)、職務(wù)、作用等事實(shí),而like譯為“像……一樣”,表示外表,不是事實(shí)。如：
Let me speak to you as a teacher.(我以老師的身份和你講話。)
Let me speak to you like a teacher.(讓我像一位老師一樣和你講話)
(8)in front of 與in the front of：in front of“在…的前面”, 與in the front of“在…的前部”。如：
A group of people was standing in front of the hall.
In the front of the hall stood a group of people.
(12)except與besides的區(qū)別：except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides“除了”則表示包含,即“不僅……又……”。如：
Everyone went to the park except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了公園)(Tom沒(méi)有去公園)/
Besides maths he also studied many other subjects.(除了數(shù)學(xué)之外,他還學(xué)其他許多功課)(“數(shù)學(xué)”也是他學(xué)的功課之一)
連詞
1.連詞概述：連詞是一種虛詞，用于連接單詞，短語(yǔ)或句子，但不單獨(dú)做句子成分。按照連詞的性質(zhì)，可將連詞分為并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞如：and，but，or，for等，它們即可連接單詞，短語(yǔ)，又可連接句子。從屬連詞如：when，before ，because等，它們主要引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。
2.常見(jiàn)連詞的用法：
1)并列連詞 的用法： 并列連詞有：and, but, or, nor, so, for yet, however, as well as, both...and, not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, still,
And： 連接單詞短語(yǔ)句子 。如：Tom and I study in the same school.
But, or ：I have a pen but no pencil. / Would you like coffee or tea?
Nothing but除了，只有： I did nothing but watch it.
Or表示否則：如： Hurry up or you will miss the train.
for 表示后面的句子是原因。如： He is good at piano for he practices harder than others.
Not only…but also 不僅…而且�？刹⒘兄鳌⒅^、賓、表及句子。主語(yǔ)并列時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)要就近一致。如: Not only he but also I am a nurse.
As well as 以及，同樣。并列單詞、短語(yǔ)、句子。并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞要隨前面的主語(yǔ)變化 .如：He works as well as he can
Either…or 既…又…，或…或…，并列主、謂、賓、表及狀語(yǔ) ，如：Either come in or go out.
Neither…nor 既不…也不， 并列主、謂、賓、表、狀語(yǔ)，并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)就近一致。如：Neither you nor he is lazy.
Both…and 和，既…也，并列主、謂、賓及表語(yǔ)。I can speak both English and French.
nor 也不，引導(dǎo)句子要倒裝 。如：He can not play the piano, nor can I.
so 因此，所以，不和because連用。如：You like swimming, so do I.
1) 從屬連詞的用法： 從屬連詞有：after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, if, unless, because, than, that, whether, so that
after 表示“時(shí)間”，在…之后。如：After I finished the school, I became a worker in the factory.
Although/though 表示讓步， “盡管”。如： Although she is young, she knows a lot.
as 表示時(shí)間，“當(dāng)…時(shí)”，方式“象…”，原因，“由于、因?yàn)?rdquo;讓步，“盡管、雖然” 。如： As it was rainy, we couldn’t go out now.
As if/as though 表方式，“似乎、好像” 。如： He told us such a story as though he had been there before.
As long as/so long as 表?xiàng)l件，“只要” 。如： As long as I am here, I’ll go to help you.
As soon as 表時(shí)間，“一…就…”。如： I will call you as soon as I come back.
because 表原因，“因?yàn)?rdquo;。如： I have to practice more because I am not good at English.
before 表時(shí)間，“在…之前’’ 。如： You should think more before you do it.
Even if/ even though 表讓步，“即使”。如： You should try again even if you failed.
Hardly…when 表時(shí)間，“(剛)一…就”。如： Hardly I entered the gate when the bell rang.
if “假如”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。如： We will stay at home if the rain doesn’t stop.
“是否”，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。如; I don’t know if he goes shopping.
In order that 表目的，“為了，以便”。如： We study hard in order that we can pass the exam.
No matter +疑問(wèn)詞 表讓步，“無(wú)論，不管”。如： No matter what you do, you should try your best.
No sooner…than 表時(shí)間，“剛一…就…”。如： No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.
once 表時(shí)間，“一旦…”。如： Once you read this book, you’ll never forget it.
since 表時(shí)間，“自從…以來(lái)”.如： He has been in this city since he left school.
表原因，“既然，由于” 。如: Since the job is dangerous, let’s do it more carefully.
so far as/as far as 表?xiàng)l件，“就…而言，就…而論”.如：As far as I know, it is easy for you to speak in English.
So that 表目的，“以便” 。如： Speak loud so that everybody can hear clearly.
So…that 表結(jié)果“如此,以致”。如： He got up so early that he caught the early bus.
than 表示比較，“比” 。如： Things were worse than we thought.
unless 表?xiàng)l件，“除非，如果不” 。如： You will fail in the test unless you study hard.
Until/till 表時(shí)間，“直到…為止” 。如： I’ll wait till my mother comes back.
when 表時(shí)間，“當(dāng)…時(shí)’’。如： When they got there, the train has left.
whether “是否”引導(dǎo)名詞性從句 。如： Whether he can come to see us is unknown.
表讓步，“不管/無(wú)論、是否”。如：Whether she is rich or poor, she is always happy.
while 表時(shí)間，“當(dāng)…時(shí)” 。如： While he was in Beijing, he visited the Great Wall.
whenever 表時(shí)間，“無(wú)論什么時(shí)候”。如： Whenever you meet any trouble, tell me at once.
實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練(2×50)
1.----How old are you?
----I’m fifteen. I was born ________ 1990.
A. in B. at C. on
2. I study for a test _________ working with a group.
A. in B. by C. at
3. A tsunami(海嘯) happened in some southern Asian countries________ December, 2004.
A. at B. on C. in
4. Tim’s mum is worried _______ her son’s study as he plays computer games too much.
A. for B. about C. with
5. We should return the books to the library ______ time.
A. about B. on C. by
6. ________ your help, my maths has improved a lot.
A. With B. Without C. Under
7. A thief stole my wallet_______ the night of May 1st.
A. at B. in C. on
8. James is looking ________ his cat everywhere. Have you seen it ?
A. like B. at C. for
9. It’s not always necessary to look up the words ________ the dictionary while reading. Sometimes we need to guess.
A. on B. in C. at
10. Zhangjiajie is famous _______ its beautiful mountains.
A. from B. at C. for
11.Children get gifts ____ Christmas and ____ their birthdays.
A. on; on B. at; on C. in; in
12. The plane is starting___five minutes.
A. in B. at C. for
13. Lucy sits____ the third row, ____Jim's right.
A. on; on B. in; at C. in; on
14.Shanghai is___ the east of China, but Japan is ___ the east of China.
A. to; in B. in; to . C. on; to
15. 1 like rice dumplings ____ meat ____ them.
A. in; on B. with; on C. with; in
16. When you are ___ trouble please ask help ___ us.
A. in; from B. in; for C. on; from
17. He put up a map ___ the back wall because there was a hole ___ it.
A. on; on B. at; in C. on; in
18. This kind of TV is made____ China. .
A. in B. from C. at
19. There are some birds singing___ the trees.
A. in B. on C. at
20. Don't read ____ the sun. It's bad ___ your eyes.
A. in; to B. under; for C. with; to
21.Some planes are flying___ the city.
A. through B. over , C. on ,
22. A mother camel was walking ___ her son ___ the desert.
A. without; along B. with; through C. next to; pass
23. The river runs____ the city.
A. cross B. through C. over
24. My uncle lives ____ 56 Changan Street.
A.on B. of C. at
25. They are waiting ___ a bus ___ the bus stop.
A. for; in B. on; at C. for; at
26. Is there any difference ____ these two sentences?
A. for B. in C. between
27. Our headmaster showed the visitors ____ our school.
A. to B. for C. around
28. Nobody knew it ____ me.
A. except B. beside C. besides
29. Do you know any other foreign language____ English.
A. without B. beside C. besides
30. --- Can you play football?
--- Yes, I can, ______ I can't play it very well.
A. or B. and C. but
31. There is something wrong___my bike.
A. at B. in C. with
32. -His sudden death surprised his wife.
-It was so bad. His wife was surprised ____ his death.
A. by B. with C. at
33. Don't laugh____ him, everyone will make mistakes.
A. at B. to C. about
34. What did you have ___ breakfast?
A. at B. as C. for D. about
35. He can speak English_______ Chinese.
A. but B. also C. and
36. Physics is not so easy, _______I like it very much.
A. but B. or C. since
37. Will Tom wait for her at home ______ at the library?
A. or B. as C. so that
38. I'll give her the gift ______ Mary arrives.
A. so B. before C. as soon as
39. The woman was____ angry_____ she couldn't say anything.
A. neither…nor B. either…or C. so…that
40. I can't sleep well at night, ______I often feel sleepy in the day.
A. so B. because C. and
41. Study hard, ______ you will fall behind.
A. and B. but C. or
42. _________ John _______I are policemen.
A. Neither ... nor B. Either ... or C. Both ... and
43. He didn't go to sleep ______he finished his homework.
A. till B. before C. until
44. Wait for me in the room _______ I come back.
A. until B. and C. so
45. Go along the road, _______ you'll find the bookstore at the end of it.
A. when B. and C. or
46. You'll be late ______ you don't get up early tomorrow morning.
A. if B. when C. before
47. The scientist knows two languages. He can speak _________ English _________ French.
A. either; or B. neither; nor C. both; and
48. His hobby is ______ reading_______ collecting stamps. It’s growing flowers.
A. either; or B. both; and C. neither; nor
49. Neither he nor I _______ from Canada. We are from Australia.
A. is B. are C. am
50. Mr Smith comes from America, and he has studied Chinese in China for 5 years. So you can talk with him ________.
A. either in English or in Chinese B. not in Chinese but in English
C. just in English, not in Chinese
答案： 1-5 ABCBB 6-10 ACCBC 11-15 BACBC 16-20 BCAAB 21-25 BBBCC
26-30 CCACC 31-35 CCACC 36-40 AACCA 41-45 CCCAB 46-50 ACCCA
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