11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語： every…， sometimes， at…， on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。 2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國(guó)東部。 3) 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái) ?注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。 4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如： I don‘t want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。 比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。 第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 11.2 一般過去時(shí)的用法 1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday， last week， an hour ago， the other day， in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了? 2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如： When I was a child， I often played football in the street. 我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit， they were given a warm welcome. 那時(shí)，布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。 3)句型：It is time for sb. to do sth ”到……時(shí)間了” ”該……了”。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。 It is time that sb. did sth. ”時(shí)間已遲了” ”早該……了” ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示‘寧愿某人做某事‘。例如：I‘d rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。 4) wish， wonder， think， hope 等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等，而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在 。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。 比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義：她已不在人間。) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去) 注意： 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。 1)動(dòng)詞want， hope， wonder， think， intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。 2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could， would。例如： Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎? #p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
11.3 used to / be used to used to do：”過去常常”表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過去沒那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫過去常常散步。 be used to doing：對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或”習(xí)慣于”，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。 典型例題 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It‘s 69568442. A. didn‘t B. couldn‘t C. don‘t D. can‘t 答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。 11.4 一般將來時(shí) 1) shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如： Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎? 2) be going to 不定式，表示將來。 a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds， there is going to be a storm. 看那烏云，快要下雨了。 3) be 不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。 4) be about to 不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。 注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow， next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。 11.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí)，be going to表將來，will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey， you‘d better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes， we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 11.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排) I‘m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀安排)
11.7 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來 1)下列動(dòng)詞come， go， arrive， leave， start， begin， return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時(shí)候開?十分鐘后。 2)以here， there等開始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。 3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如： When Bill comes (不是will come)， ask him to wait for me. 比爾來后，讓他等我。 I‘ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就寫信給你。 4)在動(dòng)詞hope， take care that， make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。 11.8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來 下列動(dòng)詞come， go， arrive， leave， start， begin， return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。例如： I‘m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎? 11.9 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have(has) 過去分詞。 11.10 比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2)一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。 一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：yesterday， last week，…ago， in1980， in October， just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：for， since， so far， ever， never， just， yet， till/until， up to now， in past years， always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。 共同的時(shí)間狀語：this morning， tonight， this April， now， already， recently， lately 等。 3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live， teach， learn， work， study， know.。 一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come， go， leave， start， die， finish， become， get married等。例如： I saw this film yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了) I have seen this film. (強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了) Why did you get up so early? (強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了) Who hasn‘t handed in his paper? (強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)) He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) 句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday， last， week， in 1960)時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。 (錯(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. #p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
11.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 1)It is the first / second time.... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。 This is the first time (that) I‘ve heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2)This is 形容詞最高級(jí) that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： This is the best film that I‘ve (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。 典型例題 (1) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No， this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。 (2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No， it‘s the first time I ___ here. A. even， come B. even， have come C. ever， come D. ever， have come 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。 (錯(cuò))I have received his letter for a month. (對(duì))I haven‘t received his letter for almost a month. 11.12 比較since和for Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。 注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。) I have worked here for many years.(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。) 注意：用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。 1)(對(duì)) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago， and is still studying it now. 2)(錯(cuò)) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago， and is still getting married now. 顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四種用法 1) since 過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980， last month， half past six)。例如： I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在這兒。 2) since 一段時(shí)間 ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒，已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。 3) since 從句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，變化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后，變化可大了。 4) It is 一段時(shí)間 since從句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。 11.14 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷; 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如： He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果) I‘ve known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷) 2) 用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示”做……直到……” 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示”到……，才……”。例如： He didn‘t come back until ten o‘clock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。 He slept until ten o‘clock. 他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。 典型例題 1. You don‘t need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 2. ---I‘m sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh， not at all. I ___here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 #p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
11.15 過去完成時(shí) 1) 概念：表示過去的過去 ----|----------|--------|----
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