初中英語語法總結(jié)之時(shí)態(tài)

初中英語語法總結(jié)之時(shí)態(tài)&mdash&mdash英語共有16種時(shí)態(tài)，時(shí)態(tài)測(cè)試重點(diǎn)主要有：完成時(shí)態(tài)&mdash&mdash現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、將來完成時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)&mdash&mdash現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般時(shí)態(tài)。但是初中生暫時(shí)可能沒有學(xué)習(xí)這么多，所以小編整理的關(guān)于初中英語語法時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)我們一起來學(xué)習(xí)和分享吧~

一、一般時(shí)態(tài)

1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示沒有時(shí)限的持久存在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和副詞usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等連用。例如：

1)The moon moves round the earth..

2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.

(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。例如：

1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.

2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.

(3)某些表示起始的動(dòng)詞，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這類動(dòng)詞有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：

1)The plane leaves at three sharp.

2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.

(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引導(dǎo)的從句中，也常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。例如：

1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.

2)Youll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.

2.一般過去時(shí)

(1)表示過去某一特定時(shí)間所發(fā)生的、可完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與表示確切過去時(shí)間的詞、短語或從句連用。例如：

We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.

(2)表示過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如：

1)He always went to class last.

2)I used to do my homework in the library.

(注意與be used to doing短語的區(qū)別)

3.一般將來時(shí)

1)表示將來打算進(jìn)行或期待發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如：

I shall graduate next year.

2)幾種替代形式：

1)be going to +v在口語中廣泛使用，表示準(zhǔn)備做或?qū)�發(fā)生的事情。例如：

Im going to buy a house when weve saved enough money.

2)be to +v表示計(jì)劃安排要做的事，具有必要的強(qiáng)制性意義。例如：

I am to play tennis this afternoon.

3)be about to +v表示即將發(fā)生的事情。例如：

He was about to start.

4)be due to +v表示預(yù)先確定了的事，必定發(fā)生的事。例如：

The train is due to depart in ten minutes.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

5)be on the point/verge of +v &ndash ing強(qiáng)調(diào)即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。例如：

The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home

二、進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

(1)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等連用。例如：

Dont disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.

(2)表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與always，continually，forever，constantly等連用。例如：

My father is forever criticizing me.

(3)表示根據(jù)計(jì)劃或安排在最近要進(jìn)行的事情。具有這種語法功能的動(dòng)詞僅限于過渡性動(dòng)詞。即表示從一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置上去的動(dòng)詞。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：

They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.

(4)有些動(dòng)詞不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)，這是一類表示感覺，感情，存在，從屬等的動(dòng)詞。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感覺的詞)hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的動(dòng)詞)be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞)have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有與從屬的動(dòng)詞)understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的動(dòng)詞)。但是如果它們?cè)~義改變，便也可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如：

1)Tom looks pale. Whats wrong with him?

(look在此為聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞，意為顯得，看上去)

2)Tom is looking for his books.

(look在此為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為尋找)

2.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)或發(fā)生后，另一個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，或表示過去反復(fù)的習(xí)慣，常與always，continually，constantly等動(dòng)詞連用。例如：

1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.

2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

3.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

將來進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示將來某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示要在將來某一時(shí)刻開始，并繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常用來表示禮貌的詢問、請(qǐng)求等。例如：

1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.

2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?

4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

(現(xiàn)在、過去、將來)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是(現(xiàn)在、過去、將來)完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，將放在完成時(shí)態(tài)部分講述。

三、完成時(shí)態(tài)

完成時(shí)態(tài)通常表示已完成或從事的動(dòng)作。它可分為：

1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示對(duì)目前狀況仍有影響的，剛剛完成的動(dòng)作(常與yet，already，just連用)，或者過去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況(常與for，since連用)。例如：#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

1)I have just finished my homework.

2)Mary has been ill for three days.

(2)常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有：since, for, during, over等引導(dǎo)出的短語副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等狀語詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：

1)I havent been there for five years.

2)So far, she hasnt enjoyed the summer vacation.

3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.

(3)完成時(shí)態(tài)可用在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：

This (That, It) is (was) the first (second) time +定語從句This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語從句This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級(jí)+ n +定語從句。如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)如果主句謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞通常用過去完成時(shí)。例如：

(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.

(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.

2.過去完成時(shí)

(1)表示過去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，這個(gè)過去的時(shí)間可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如：

1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

(2)動(dòng)詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時(shí)，表示過去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如：

I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away.

另外兩種表示過去想做而未做的事的表達(dá)方式是：

1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：

We were to have come yesterday, but we couldnt.

2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：

I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

(3)過去完成時(shí)常用于以下固定句型：

1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時(shí)+ when + 過去時(shí)。例如：

Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

2)no sooner +過去完成時(shí)+ than +過去時(shí)。例如：

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

3)by (the end of ) +過去時(shí)間，主句中謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。例如：

The experiment had been finished by 4 oclock yesterday afternoon.

3.將來完成時(shí)

將來完成時(shí)表示在將來某一時(shí)刻將完成或在另一個(gè)未來的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作也可以用來表示一種猜測(cè)。常與將來完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示將來時(shí)間的短語和句子before (the end of ) +表示將來時(shí)間的詞語或句子when, after等加上表示將來動(dòng)作的句子等。例如：#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.

2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 oclock.

3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

(1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時(shí)刻。例如：

I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still havent found it.

(2)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時(shí)刻。例如：

It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

(3)將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在將來某一時(shí)刻之前開始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)刻。例如：

By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.

四：時(shí)態(tài)一致

時(shí)態(tài)一致是英語四、六級(jí)考試的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容。通常應(yīng)由主句謂語的時(shí)態(tài)決定從句的謂語時(shí)態(tài)。一般原則是：

1、當(dāng)主句謂語使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)�來時(shí)，從句的謂語根據(jù)具體情況使用任何時(shí)態(tài)

He says that he lives in Wuhan.

We hope that there will be many people at your party today.

Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house? Yes, but I dont know who bought it.

Theres a lot of excitement on the street.

There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?

2、當(dāng)主句謂語使用過去時(shí)的時(shí)候，從句的謂語必須使用過去范圍的時(shí)態(tài)

He said he was writing a novel.

The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.

He said his father had been an engineer.

3、當(dāng)從句是表示沒有時(shí)間概念的真理時(shí)，從句的謂語應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：

The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.

注：在此種情況下，即使主句謂語用了過去式的各種時(shí)態(tài)，從句謂語也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

4、從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣的情況

利用時(shí)態(tài)一致原則確定從句動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意，若主語動(dòng)詞是表示命令、請(qǐng)求、要求、建議、勸告等的動(dòng)詞，從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣，不能遵循時(shí)態(tài)一致原則。例如：

We insisted that we do it ourselves.

動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)

語態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。

1)We use electricity to run machines. (主動(dòng)語態(tài))

2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被動(dòng)語態(tài))#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

1.不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和短語

(1)在英語中，不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但有些不及物動(dòng)詞(包括短語)容易引起誤用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。

(2)某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

2.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)形式

常用的被動(dòng)語態(tài)有表1所列的幾種時(shí)態(tài)形式。

表1

時(shí)?SPAN lang=EN-US> 一般時(shí) 進(jìn)行時(shí) 完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在 am asked am being asked

is asked is being asked

are asked are being asked

過去

was be asked was being asked

were be asked were being asked

將來 shall be asked shall have been asked

will be asked will have been asked

過去 should be asked should have been asked

將來 would be asked would have been asked

3.短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

短語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，通常被看作是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略。例如：

1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.

2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.

4.get + -ed分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

get + -ed分詞結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，而非動(dòng)作本身，常用來表示突發(fā)性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：

The boy got hurt on his way home from work.

另外，get + -ed分詞還可用于談?wù)摓樽约鹤龅氖�，是主�?dòng)的行為而不是被動(dòng)的行為。例如：

get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(離婚)

get engaged(訂婚) get confused(迷惑不解)

get lost(迷路) get washed(洗臉)

get married(結(jié)婚)

5.能帶兩個(gè)賓語和復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)

(1)能帶兩個(gè)賓語的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，一次只能由一個(gè)賓語作主語，另一個(gè)賓語被保留下來。例如：

1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主動(dòng)語態(tài))

2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))

3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))

(2)能帶復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，原來的賓語補(bǔ)足語變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語。例如：

1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主動(dòng)語態(tài))

2)He was appointed League secretary.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))

6.被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別

(1)The novel was well written.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))

7.少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)有時(shí)有被動(dòng)的意思

例1：The book is selling remarkably well.

例2：The song sounds very beautiful.

能這樣用的動(dòng)詞還有read(讀起來)，clean(擦起來)，wash(洗起來)，write(寫起來)。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).

能像need這樣用的動(dòng)詞還有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。

例4：The meat is cooking.

例5：The book written by the professor is printing.

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